The principle of free movement within Europe’s Schengen Area is facing a severe test. As migration pressure mounts, several member states, including Italy, France, and Germany, have reinstated internal border checks, with controls on movement from Spain drawing particular attention.
Italy Takes the Lead: Tightening Scrutiny on Arrivals from Spain
The Italian government has recently announced it will implement border checks on third-country nationals arriving by air or sea from Spain. This measure is seen as a response to the recent massive influx of irregular migrants into Ceuta, a Spanish exclave. Although the checks do not apply to all travelers, they send a clear signal of tightening borders, heightening concerns about the stability of the Schengen Agreement.
A Chain Reaction: Eight Schengen Countries Have Reinstated Internal Border Checks
Reinstating internal border checks has become a spreading trend. According to the European Commission, a total of eight Schengen Area countries currently maintain some form of border control. Migration expert Francesco Pasetti notes that such measures have become increasingly common in recent years. Their purpose is not only to prevent the “secondary movements” of irregular migrants within the Schengen Area but also to serve as a political symbol, demonstrating a firm stance to the domestic public. For example, France has maintained long-term border checks for anti-terrorism and security reasons since the 2015 Paris attacks. Germany has also implemented checks at several land borders since the start of 2024 to address irregular migration and security risks. Additionally, countries like Poland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, and Norway have also strengthened their border controls to combat human trafficking and prevent terrorism.
Spain in the Spotlight: Migration Pressure and External Factors
Spain has become a focus of control for many countries due to the multiple migration pressures it faces. On one hand, regions like Ceuta continue to endure immense pressure from migrant influxes, prompting the Spanish government to announce an additional €25 million in dedicated funding for the reception and care of unaccompanied migrant minors. On the other hand, reports indicate that international human trafficking networks are actively promoting Spain to irregular migrants as a destination where it is “easier to obtain legal status,” and are assisting them in entering Spain from places like the UK via France, which further complicates the issue.
The EU’s Dilemma and Strategy: Seeking a Unified Migration Policy
Faced with the trend of member states acting independently, the EU is striving to find a unified solution. Although the European Commission recommends that member states prioritize alternative measures such as joint police patrols and biometric technology to minimize the impact on free movement, the ongoing migration crisis has compelled countries to adopt tougher stances. This week, EU interior ministers reached a preliminary consensus on strengthening the EU’s external borders, establishing effective return mechanisms, and creating an early warning system. The relevant reform proposals are expected to be discussed in depth at the next European Council meeting, aiming to foster a new, more resilient and unified European migration policy.
